Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that make it difficult to breathe. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Chronic Bronchitis
“Blue Bloaters”
Characterised by inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air in and out of the lungs.
The inflammation causes the bronchial tubes to become narrowed and produces an excess of mucus, making it difficult to breathe.
Emphysema
“Pink Puffer”
Characterised by damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. The damage causes the air sacs to lose their elasticity, making it difficult to empty the lungs of air. This leads to a build-up of air in the lungs, which can make it difficult to breathe.
Symptoms of COPD typically include:
Symptoms
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
- Chronic cough that produces phlegm (sputum)
- Chest tightness
- Wheezing
- Fatigue
- Frequent respiratory infections
COPD is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes. In some cases, it can also be caused by a genetic condition known as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
There is no cure for COPD, but treatment can help to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options may include:
- Medications, such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics
- Oxygen therapy
- Pulmonary rehabilitation, which includes exercise, education, and breathing techniques
- Surgery, such as lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplant
- Quit smoking and avoid exposure to irritants
It’s important to note that COPD is a progressive disease with early diagnosis and treatment helping to improve symptoms, slow the progression of the disease and improve the overall quality of life.